Research Article
Prevalence of Trachoma and Associated Factors among Children Aged 1–9 Years in Kombolcha District, East Hararge, Oromiya Regional State, Ethiopia, 2021
Taha Adem Mume,
Melese Tadesse Aredo*
,
Abdurehman Kelu Tololu,
Teresa Kissi Beyen,
Addis Hordofa Tekle,
Dida Batu
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 3, September 2024
Pages:
57-70
Received:
13 June 2024
Accepted:
2 August 2024
Published:
30 August 2024
Abstract: Introduction: Trachoma, caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis, remains a significant public health concern and the leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide. In 2021, trachoma was endemic in 42 countries, primarily located in Africa, and accounted for 80% of the global burden of blindness due to an infectious disease. Despite the availability of effective prevention strategies and treatment, trachoma continues to be a major issue in certain regions, including Ethiopia. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the prevalence and identify factors associated with trachoma among children aged 1-9 years in rural communities of the Kombolcha district, East Hararge zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was employed, involving children aged 1-9 years in rural communities. A multistage random sampling method was utilized to select 622 study participants. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire, which was pretested on 5% of the sample size. After data cleaning and entry into Epi Info version 7.1, data were exported to SPSS version 23 for analysis. Variables with a p-value < 0.20 in bivariate binary logistic regression were included in a multivariate binary logistic regression model to identify factors associated with trachoma. Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to evaluate the strength of associations at a p-value < 0.05. Results: The overall prevalence of active trachoma among children aged 1-9 years was 7.55%. Of the affected children, 83% exhibited trachomatous inflammation follicular (TF), 11% had trachomatous inflammation intense (TI), and 6% had both TF and TI. The prevalence ranged from 2.7% in children aged 1-4 years to 10.4% in children aged 5-9 years. In the multivariate analysis, factors significantly associated with the presence of active trachoma in the study population included: * Households with unprotected water sources (AOR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.15-0.67) * Regular towel usage (AOR = 8.03, 95% CI: 2.18-29.6) * Not using soap to wash the face (AOR = 4.53, 95% CI: 2.13-9.63) * Family history of eye problems (AOR = 4.76, 95% CI: 2.19-10.35) Conclusion and Recommendation: The overall prevalence of active trachoma in the study area was 7.55%. While this prevalence is below the WHO threshold for mass drug administration (MDA) (>10%), it remains a significant public health concern. The findings highlight the need to implement the WHO-endorsed SAFE strategy, which focuses on surgery, antibiotics, facial cleanliness, and environmental improvement, to effectively prevent and control trachoma. Additionally, improving the overall living conditions of the community through coordinated efforts is essential in addressing the factors associated with the disease.
Abstract: Introduction: Trachoma, caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis, remains a significant public health concern and the leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide. In 2021, trachoma was endemic in 42 countries, primarily located in Africa, and accounted for 80% of the global burden of blindness due to an infectious disease. Despite the avai...
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Research Article
The Private Health Insurance Underwriting Cycle, Economic Profits and Their Determinants
William Thomas Cecil*
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 3, September 2024
Pages:
71-79
Received:
11 August 2024
Accepted:
28 August 2024
Published:
11 September 2024
Abstract: The underwriting cycle in private health insurance refers to fluctuations in profit margin over time. This research, a novel effort, aims to understand the peak-to-trough magnitudes and determinants of the industry-wide underwriting cycle. Historical industry-wide profits and losses have not been previously estimated, making this study a significant contribution to the field. Based on the reports of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (national health expenditures reports), this study begins by constructing the underwriting cycle of private health insurance performance over the last six decades, from which profit margins can be estimated. Expressing the net cost of private health insurance and personal health expenditures as a fraction of the premium facilitates the analysis, which employs standard methods. The results show, over a 62-year period from 1960 through 2022, that there are 12 underwriting cycles. The capacity to generate profits is influenced by the cost of personal healthcare expenditures, competition for enrollment, and the availability of substitutes. Evidence of reduced capacity for profitability is a finding that additional enrollment does not contribute to profits and that private health insurance enrollment is generally declining. Cumulative profits due to the sales of private health insurance only over the 62 years assessed are negative.
Abstract: The underwriting cycle in private health insurance refers to fluctuations in profit margin over time. This research, a novel effort, aims to understand the peak-to-trough magnitudes and determinants of the industry-wide underwriting cycle. Historical industry-wide profits and losses have not been previously estimated, making this study a significan...
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Research Article
Evaluating Health Policy Effectiveness in Reducing the Economic Burden of Non-Communicable Diseases in Bangladesh
Noman Perves*,
M. Muzaherul Huq,
Maleka Sultana,
Anwar Islam
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 3, September 2024
Pages:
80-92
Received:
7 August 2024
Accepted:
28 August 2024
Published:
26 September 2024
DOI:
10.11648/j.hep.20240903.13
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Abstract: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) represent a significant and growing public health challenge in Bangladesh, contributing to a substantial economic burden. Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, cancers, and chronic respiratory conditions, represent a major health challenge in Bangladesh, contributing to substantial morbidity, mortality, and economic burden. The economic impact is profound, affecting both individuals and the broader economy through healthcare costs, loss of productivity, and long-term financial strain. This review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of health policies in mitigating the economic burden of NCDs in Bangladesh. The article begins with an overview of the prevalence and risk factors associated with NCDs, followed by an examination of the national health policies aimed at prevention, treatment, and management. The evaluation considers both successes and challenges, with a focus on policy implementation, healthcare financing, and access to care. Case studies highlight specific policy interventions that have demonstrated measurable success in reducing NCD prevalence and associated costs. The findings suggest that while significant progress has been made in policy formulation, challenges remain in ensuring comprehensive implementation and equitable access to healthcare services. Cost-effective strategies, such as scaling up preventive measures and improving healthcare infrastructure, are essential for reducing the economic burden of NCDs. The review concludes with recommendations for strengthening existing policies and exploring innovative approaches to sustain and enhance the impact of health policies on NCD management in Bangladesh.
Abstract: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) represent a significant and growing public health challenge in Bangladesh, contributing to a substantial economic burden. Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, cancers, and chronic respiratory conditions, represent a major health challenge in Banglades...
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