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Biodiversity and Density of Larvae and Adults of Anopheles Mosquitoes in El Obied City – Sudan

Received: 4 July 2018     Accepted: 15 August 2018     Published: 30 May 2019
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Abstract

The weather changes especially rainfall affects the distribution and densities of mosquitoes. There are about 380 species of Anopheles, recorded, sixty of them act as vectors of many diseases. This work was carried out to study the biodiversity and density of Anopheles mosquitoes {adults and larvae} in El Obied City. A cross-sectional survey of Anopheline mosquito larval habitats was conducted during {April 2014 - April 2016}. Larvae were collected by using the standard dipping and netting techniques weekly for the whole year from five selected stations, while adult stages were collected by spray sheet method using Permethrin 25% E. C. The climatic factors and the malaria cases among the study areas were also recorded. The DNA from the identified adults and larvae was extracted in order to make the molecular confirmation for these species. The results revealed that, all Anopheline mosquito larvae {100%} which were found and collected from three breeding sites during all seasons were classified as probably Anopheles squamosus. The study also showed that, all {100%} of adults Anopheline mosquito were classified as most probably A. squamosus and then this result was confirmed by the National Laboratory for Public Health, Medical Entomology Department, Khartoum {as a first record for this sp.}. A. squamosus were found only in the shallow pond water habitat in El Obied City. The mean Anopheline density in the study area for larvae was 0.42 per dip while the mean density of adults was 0.55 per room. The high mosquito larval density in El Obied City indicated that, it is at risk of mosquito-borne diseases including malaria. The correlation analysis between mosquito abundance and density to the malaria cases within the selected stations in El Obied City, was positive. The macro and microclimate within which the larvae and the adults A. squamosus lived ware also compared to that of other Anopheles species studied before, and new limits were recorded concerning mainly: temperature {15.5 - 41.1°C}, relative humidity{16–82%} and rainfall {6.3–88.2 mm} in respect to outdoor and indoor resting mosquitoes specially for adults, and temperature {24–27°C}, pH {6.5–7.2} and salinity {1.6–1.9}of larval breeding site waters in addition to the floral types. This study is recommended to be conducted in the other Cities and Sudan.

Published in International Journal of Health Economics and Policy (Volume 4, Issue 2)
DOI 10.11648/j.hep.20190402.14
Page(s) 58-66
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2019. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Anopheles, squamous, Mosquitoes, El Obied

References
[1] Lewis, D. J. {1956}. The Anopheline Mosquitoes of the Sudan. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 47: 475-494.
[2] WHO {1999}. Malaria A major Cause of Child Death and Poverty in Africa. International Journal of Epidemiology, 4. P: 231.
[3] El Gaddal, A. A.; Haradi, A. M.; Hassan, F. T. and Hussein, H. {1985}. Malaria Control in Gezira – Managil Irrigated Scheme of the Sudan. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 88: 153-159.
[4] Gafar, A. A. {2009}. Distribution and Mapping of Anopheles Mosquitoes in South Darfur State. M.Sc. Thesis. Blue Nile National Institute Communicable Disease. University of Gezira.
[5] RBM, Roll Back Malaria {2003}. Progress Report Sudan. April 2004. {Internet communication, 28 July 2005 at http://www.fmoh.gov.sd/ departments/ malaria / RBM%20 Sudan%20.2003.pdf}.
[6] North Krdofan State Ministry of Health {2012}. Malaria, Annual Report. Minisrty of Health, Shikan Locality, North Krdofan State, 2012.
[7] WHO {1975}. Practical Entomology in Malaria Program Manual {Vol. 2}; Geneva.
[8] Gilles, M. T. {1968}. A supplement to the Anopheline of African South of the Sahara {Afro tropical Region}. Publication of South Africa Institute for Medical Research, No. 55.Johannesburg.
[9] WHO {2002b}. Malaria Entomology and Vector Control; Communicable Diseases Cluster; GENEVA.
[10] Medical Entomology Section {1960}. Key for Identification of common Anopheles larvae and Adults of Sudan. Medical Entomology Section, National Health Labouratories, P. O. Box 287, Khartoum, Sudan.
[11] WHO {1982}. Environmental Management Control Manual; Geneva 22.
[12] Sudan and UNFPA {2001} National Safe Motherhood Survey: Sudan, 1999, Khartoum.
[13] WHO/EMRO {2001}. Roll Back Malaria in the Eastern Mediterranean Region; WHOEM/MAL/273/E/G/12.01/3000.
[14] Dukeen, M. Y. H. and Omer, S. M. {1986}. Ecology of the Malaria Vector Anopheles arabiensis Patton (Dipterans: Culicidae) by the Nile in Sudan. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 76: 451-467.
[15] Lewis, D. J. {1945}. Observations on the Distribution and Taxonomy of the Culicidae {Diptera}In the Sudan. pp:3, 4, 5, 6. University press. pp: 2 – 46.
[16] Osman, M. A. {2010}. Distribution and Mapping of Anopheles Mosquitoes in Senar State. M.Sc. Thesis. Blue Nile National Institute Communicable Disease. University of Gezira.
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    Adam Musa Adam Eissa, Mutman Ali Abdlghder Kehail. (2019). Biodiversity and Density of Larvae and Adults of Anopheles Mosquitoes in El Obied City – Sudan. International Journal of Health Economics and Policy, 4(2), 58-66. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hep.20190402.14

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    ACS Style

    Adam Musa Adam Eissa; Mutman Ali Abdlghder Kehail. Biodiversity and Density of Larvae and Adults of Anopheles Mosquitoes in El Obied City – Sudan. Int. J. Health Econ. Policy 2019, 4(2), 58-66. doi: 10.11648/j.hep.20190402.14

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    AMA Style

    Adam Musa Adam Eissa, Mutman Ali Abdlghder Kehail. Biodiversity and Density of Larvae and Adults of Anopheles Mosquitoes in El Obied City – Sudan. Int J Health Econ Policy. 2019;4(2):58-66. doi: 10.11648/j.hep.20190402.14

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  • @article{10.11648/j.hep.20190402.14,
      author = {Adam Musa Adam Eissa and Mutman Ali Abdlghder Kehail},
      title = {Biodiversity and Density of Larvae and Adults of Anopheles Mosquitoes in El Obied City – Sudan},
      journal = {International Journal of Health Economics and Policy},
      volume = {4},
      number = {2},
      pages = {58-66},
      doi = {10.11648/j.hep.20190402.14},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hep.20190402.14},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.hep.20190402.14},
      abstract = {The weather changes especially rainfall affects the distribution and densities of mosquitoes. There are about 380 species of Anopheles, recorded, sixty of them act as vectors of many diseases. This work was carried out to study the biodiversity and density of Anopheles mosquitoes {adults and larvae} in El Obied City. A cross-sectional survey of Anopheline mosquito larval habitats was conducted during {April 2014 - April 2016}. Larvae were collected by using the standard dipping and netting techniques weekly for the whole year from five selected stations, while adult stages were collected by spray sheet method using Permethrin 25% E. C. The climatic factors and the malaria cases among the study areas were also recorded. The DNA from the identified adults and larvae was extracted in order to make the molecular confirmation for these species. The results revealed that, all Anopheline mosquito larvae {100%} which were found and collected from three breeding sites during all seasons were classified as probably Anopheles squamosus. The study also showed that, all {100%} of adults Anopheline mosquito were classified as most probably A. squamosus and then this result was confirmed by the National Laboratory for Public Health, Medical Entomology Department, Khartoum {as a first record for this sp.}. A. squamosus were found only in the shallow pond water habitat in El Obied City. The mean Anopheline density in the study area for larvae was 0.42 per dip while the mean density of adults was 0.55 per room. The high mosquito larval density in El Obied City indicated that, it is at risk of mosquito-borne diseases including malaria. The correlation analysis between mosquito abundance and density to the malaria cases within the selected stations in El Obied City, was positive. The macro and microclimate within which the larvae and the adults A. squamosus lived ware also compared to that of other Anopheles species studied before, and new limits were recorded concerning mainly: temperature {15.5 - 41.1°C}, relative humidity{16–82%} and rainfall {6.3–88.2 mm} in respect to outdoor and indoor resting mosquitoes specially for adults, and temperature {24–27°C}, pH {6.5–7.2} and salinity {1.6–1.9}of larval breeding site waters in addition to the floral types. This study is recommended to be conducted in the other Cities and Sudan.},
     year = {2019}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Biodiversity and Density of Larvae and Adults of Anopheles Mosquitoes in El Obied City – Sudan
    AU  - Adam Musa Adam Eissa
    AU  - Mutman Ali Abdlghder Kehail
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    JF  - International Journal of Health Economics and Policy
    JO  - International Journal of Health Economics and Policy
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    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2578-9309
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hep.20190402.14
    AB  - The weather changes especially rainfall affects the distribution and densities of mosquitoes. There are about 380 species of Anopheles, recorded, sixty of them act as vectors of many diseases. This work was carried out to study the biodiversity and density of Anopheles mosquitoes {adults and larvae} in El Obied City. A cross-sectional survey of Anopheline mosquito larval habitats was conducted during {April 2014 - April 2016}. Larvae were collected by using the standard dipping and netting techniques weekly for the whole year from five selected stations, while adult stages were collected by spray sheet method using Permethrin 25% E. C. The climatic factors and the malaria cases among the study areas were also recorded. The DNA from the identified adults and larvae was extracted in order to make the molecular confirmation for these species. The results revealed that, all Anopheline mosquito larvae {100%} which were found and collected from three breeding sites during all seasons were classified as probably Anopheles squamosus. The study also showed that, all {100%} of adults Anopheline mosquito were classified as most probably A. squamosus and then this result was confirmed by the National Laboratory for Public Health, Medical Entomology Department, Khartoum {as a first record for this sp.}. A. squamosus were found only in the shallow pond water habitat in El Obied City. The mean Anopheline density in the study area for larvae was 0.42 per dip while the mean density of adults was 0.55 per room. The high mosquito larval density in El Obied City indicated that, it is at risk of mosquito-borne diseases including malaria. The correlation analysis between mosquito abundance and density to the malaria cases within the selected stations in El Obied City, was positive. The macro and microclimate within which the larvae and the adults A. squamosus lived ware also compared to that of other Anopheles species studied before, and new limits were recorded concerning mainly: temperature {15.5 - 41.1°C}, relative humidity{16–82%} and rainfall {6.3–88.2 mm} in respect to outdoor and indoor resting mosquitoes specially for adults, and temperature {24–27°C}, pH {6.5–7.2} and salinity {1.6–1.9}of larval breeding site waters in addition to the floral types. This study is recommended to be conducted in the other Cities and Sudan.
    VL  - 4
    IS  - 2
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Department of Public Health, Medical Entomology Faculty of Public and Environmental Health, West Kordofan University, Al-nuhud, Sudan

  • Department of Biotechnology, App. Entomology, Centre of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan

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