| Peer-Reviewed

Public Health Financing for Adolescent and Sexual Reproductive Health: The Nigerian Case

Received: 11 August 2019     Accepted: 6 September 2019     Published: 21 September 2019
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

Health-related behaviors undoubtedly alters physical and cognitive development, which can have a repercussion on long-term health. The justification for public health financing on adolescent health as an integrated package is unequivocal. However, to date, there is still no costed plan or budget for adolescent reproductive health in many countries and so a severe lack of funding persists at all levels with no clear budgetary provision for such program. The empirical analysis was based on Nigerian six geo-political zones covering the 36 States and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). The time series data for the variables under consideration were annual and covers the period of 1980-2014. The research explored the stationarity and cointegration properties of public health finance and adolescent reproductive health indicators. These mechanisms were reviewed for the responses to this program and finally the causality was established. The outcomes reveals that ASRH/FP is a necessity in Nigeria; PHF for adolescent reproductive health is mainly determined by many factors specifically by the amount expended by government for public health finance to total government finance and the external debt services payments in Nigeria within the study period.

Published in International Journal of Health Economics and Policy (Volume 4, Issue 3)
DOI 10.11648/j.hep.20190403.15
Page(s) 95-109
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2019. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Public Health Finance, Adolescent, Sexual Reproductive Health, Nigeria, Family Planning

References
[1] Waddington C. & Sambo C. (2014). Financing Health Care for Adolescents: A Necessary Part of Universal Health Coverage. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 93: 57-9. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.14.139741.
[2] WHO (2014). Health for the World’s Adolescents: A Second Chance in the Second Decade, Geneva: WHO. Retrieved from: http://apps.who.int/adolescent/second-decade/.
[3] Singh S., Darroch J. E. & Ashford L. S. (2014). Adding It Up: The Costs and Benefits of Investing in Sexual and Reproductive Health 2014, New York: Guttmacher Institute.
[4] Cortez R. A., Saadat, S., Marinda E. & Oluwole O. (2015). Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health in Nigeria, HNPGP Knowledge Brief, 95029, World Bank Group.
[5] Sedgh G., Bankole A., Okonofua F., Imarhiagbe C., Hussain R. (2009). Meeting Young Women’s Sexual and Reproductive Health Needs in Nigeria, International Family Planning Perspectives, 35 (2): 72–81.
[6] Lloyd C. B. (2005). Growing up Global: the Changing Transitions to Adulthood in DevelopingCountries. Washington, D. C.: The National Academies Press.
[7] Williamson N. (2013). State of the World Population 2013, New York: UNFPA.
[8] International Telecommunication Union, ITU (2013) BYND 2015 Global Youth Declaration. BYND 2015 Global Youth Summit, Costa Rica, 9–11 September 2013. Geneva, International Telecommunication Union, http://www.itu.int/en/bynd2015/Documents/bynd2015-global-youth-declaration-en.pdf.
[9] Kipping R., Campbell R. M., MacArthur G. J., Gunnell D. J. & Hickman M. (2012). Supplement on Multiple Risk Behaviour in Adolescence. Journal of Public Health, 34 (s1) i1–i2.
[10] UN (2002). Resolution S-27/2: A World Fit for Children. World Summit for Children, New York, UN.
[11] UNICEF (2013). Towards an AIDS-Free Generation – Children and AIDS: Sixth Stocktaking Report, 2013, New York. UNICEF.
[12] Patel V. I., Flisher A. J., Hetrick S. & McGorry P. (2007). Mental Health of Young People: A Global Public-health Challenge. The Lancet, 369 (9569) 1302–1313.
[13] UNFPA (2013). International Conference on Population and Development: Beyond 2014, New York, Retrieved from http://icpdbeyond2014.org/, UNFPA.
[14] The World We Want (2013). High Level Dialogue on Health in the Post-2015 Development Agenda, Gaborone, 4–6 March 201.3 Meeting report.www.worldwewant2015.org/file/320271/download/348522.
[15] Ki-Moon B. (2013). Five-year Action Agenda: Office of the Secretary General's Envoy on Youth. New York, UN. http://www.un.org/youthenvoy/the-secretary-general-youth/five-year-action-agenda.
[16] UN (2012). United Nations Commission on Population and Development. Resolution 2012/1 Adolescents and Youth. New York: UN.
[17] Patton G. C., Ross D. A., Santelli J. S., Sawyer S. M., Viner R. M. & Kleinert S. (2014). Next Steps for Adolescent Health: A Lancet Commission, The Lancet, 383 (9915): 385-386, doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60039-8.
[18] UNESCO (2012). Ministerial Declaration – Preventing through Education. First Meeting of Minsters of Health and Education to Stop HIV and STIs in Latin America and the Caribbean. Santiago, UNESCO.
[19] National Health Mission (2014). Launch of RashtriyaKishorSwasthyaKaryakra and National Consultation on Adolescent Health. New Delhi, Retrieved from http://rksklaunch.in/index.html.
[20] UNFPA (2014). Framework of Actions for the follow-up to the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development Beyond 2014, New York, UNFPA, Retrieved from http://icpdbeyond2014.org/uploads/browser/files/icpd_global_review_report.pdf.
[21] UNFPA (2012). State of the World Population 2012 by Choice, Not By Chance: Family Planning, Human Rights and Development, New York: UNFPA.
[22] Kipping R., Campbell R.M., MacArthur G.J., Gunnell D.J. & Hickman M. (2012).Supplement on Multiple Risk Behaviour in Adolescence. Journal of Public Health, 34 (s1) i1–i2.nd Reproductive Health 2014, New York: Guttmacher Institute.
[23] UNFPA (2012). Marrying Too Young: End Child Marriage, New York: UNFPA.
[24] Darroch J. E. & Singh S. (2013). Trends in contraceptive need and use in developing countries in 2003, 2008, and 2012: An Analysis of National Surveys, The Lancet, 381 (9879): 1756– 1762.
[25] Olaniyan O. & Lawason A. O. (2010). Health Expenditure and Health Status in Northern and Southern Nigeria: A Comparative Analysis Using NHA Framework, Paper presented at the 2010 CSAE conference held at St Catherine College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
[26] Berman P. & Rose L. (1996). The Role of Private Providers in Maternal and Child Health and Family Planning services in Developing Countries. Health Policy and Planning 11: 142–55.
[27] Ichoku H. E., Fonta W. M. & Leibbrandt, M. V. (2011). Can Out-of-pocket Health Financing be Fair? Empirical evidence from Nigeria. Asian African, Journal of Economics and Econometrics 11 (1) 89-111.
[28] Klugman B. (2004). Organising and Financing for Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights: The Perspective of an NGO Activist Turned Donor, Reproductive Health Matters, 12 (24): 14–24.
[29] Donaldson D. Sethi H. & Sharma S. (2008). Vouchers to Improve Access by the Poor to Reproductive Health Services: Design and Early Implementation Experience of a Pilot Voucher Scheme in Agra District, Uttar Pradesh, India. Washington, DC: Health Policy Initiative, Task Order 1, Futures Group International.
[30] Izazola-Licea J. A., Wiegelmann, J., Ara´ n C., Guthrie T., Lay P., & Avila-Figueroa C. (2009). Financing the Response to HIV in Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 52 (2).
[31] Dennis S. (2011). More Funding Needed for International Reproductive Health, Washington, DC, Population Action International.
[32] Kruk M., Galea S., Prescott M. & Freedman L. P. (2007). Health Care Financing and Utilization of Maternal Health Services in Developing Countries. Health Policy Plan. 22 (5) 303–310.
[33] Nnennaya N., Umeh K.., Sambo, M. N., Idris S. H., Kurfi A. M. (2013). Costs and Patterns of Financing Maternal Health Care Services in Rural Communities in Northern Nigeria: Evidence for Designing National Fee Exemption Policy, International Journal of MCH and AIDS 2 (1) 163-172.
[34] Sidze E. M., Pradhan J., Beekink E., Maina T. M. & Maina B. W. (2013). Reproductive Health Financing in Kenya: An Analysis of National Commitments, Donor Assistance, and the Resources Tracking Process, Reproductive Health Matters, 21 (42): 139–150.
[35] Senanayake P. & Hamm S. (2004). Sexual and Reproductive Health Funding: Donors and Restrictions, The Lancet 363 (9402) 70.
[36] Perkins M, Brazier E, Themmen E et al. (2009) Out-of-pocket Costs for Facility-based Maternity Care in three African Countries. Health Policy Planning 24 (4) 289–300.
[37] Rosen J. E., Sacher S., Kalangwa A. & Kyaddondo B. (2013). Uganda: Financial Tracking of Reproductive Health Commodities. Arlington, Va.: USAID | DELIVER PROJECT, Task Order 4.
[38] WHO (2015). Tracking Universal Health coverage: First Global Monitoring Report, Geneva: World Health Organization.
[39] Dickerson D. & Aminu A. (2013). Advocacy for Family Planning: Understanding the Budget Process in Two Nigerian States—Cross River and Zamfara. Washington, DC: Health Policy Project, Futures Group.
[40] Federal Ministry of Health (2010). Assessment Report of the National Response to Young People’s Sexual and Reproductive Health in Nigeria, Abuja: Federal Ministry of Health.
[41] Greco G, Powell-Jackson T., Borghi J. & Mills A. (2008). Countdown to 2015: Assessment of Donor Assistance to Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health between 2003 and 2006.
[42] Federal Ministry of Health, FMOH (2014). National Reproductive Health Policy and Strategy toAchieve Quality Reproductwe and Sexual Health for all Nigerians, Abuja: FMOH.
[43] Rima H. B. &Akpan E. S. (2012). Healthcare Financing and Health outcomes in Nigeria: A State Level Study using Multivariate Analysis, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science 2 (15) 296-309.
[44] Airhunmwunde M. E. (2015). An Appraisal of Natural Resources and Socio-economics Development: The Nigerian Case, Colombo Business Journal/International Journal of Theory and Practice, 5 (4) & 6 (1).
[45] Federal Ministry of Health (2009). Assessment Report of the National Response to Young People’s Sexual and Reproductive Health in Nigeria, Abuja: Federal Ministry of Health.
[46] Nguyen H., Snider J., Ravishankar N. & Magvanjav O. (2011). Assessing Public and Private Sector Contributions in Reproductive Health Financing and Utilization for Six Sub-Saharan African Countries, Reproductive Health Matters, 19 (37), 62–74, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0968-8080(11)37561-1.
[47] Ichoku H. E. & Okoli C. I. (2015). Fiscal Space for Health Financing in Nigeria, African Journal of Health Economics, E-publication Ahead of Print. http://www.ajhe.org/Fiscal_Space_for_Health_Financing_in_Nigeria_AJHE_Ichoku_and_Okoli_Jan_27.pdf.
[48] Orubuloye I. O. & Oni J. B. (1996). Health Transition Research in Nigeria in the Era of the Structural Adjustment Programme, Health Transition Review (Supplement), 6 (301-324).
[49] Central Bank of Nigeria, CBN (2001). Annual Report and Statement of Account for Year Ended 31st December, 2001, Abuja: CBN.
[50] Ichoku H. E. & Fonta W. M. (2006). The Distributional Impact of Healthcare Financing in Nigeria: A Case Study of Enugu State. PMMA Working Paper No. 17: 3-22.
[51] UNDP (2000). Human Development Report 2000, New York: UNDP.
[52] Sachs J. D., Ahluwalia I. J., Amaoko K. Y., Aninat E., Cohen D., Diabre Z., Doryan E., et al (2001). Report of the Commision on Macroeconomics and Health, Geneva: WHO.
[53] Ogunbekun, I. O. (1991). Which Direction for Health Care in Nigeria, Health Policy and Planning, 6 (3) 254-261.
[54] World Bank (2013). Health Expenditure per Capita, WB. Retrieved From: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.PCAP.
[55] Ejughemre U. J. (2014). Accelerated Reforms in Healthcare Financing: The Need to Scale up Private Sector Participation in Nigeria, International of Health Policy Management, 2 (1), 13–19, doi: 10.15171/ijhpm.2014.04.
[56] Lu C., Schneider M. T., Gubbins P., Leach-Kemon K., Jamison D. & Murray C. J. (2010). Public Financing of Health in Developing Countries: A Cross-National Systematic Analysis. The Lancet, 375 (9723) 1375–87.
[57] De S. & Hatt L. (2007). Reproductive and Child Health Subaccounts to Track Resource Allocations and Flows, Presentation at Scaling-Up High Impact FP/MNCH Best Practices, Bangkok, Sept. 4.
[58] Hjorstberg C. (2001). National Health Accounts– Where are we today? Issue Paper on Health Division Document No. 6, Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency.
[59] Willekens F. (2005). Towards a System of Reproductive Health Accounts, The Hague: Netherland Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute.
[60] Newhouse J. P. (1977). Medical-care expenditure: a cross-national survey. The Journal of Human Resources, 12 (1) 115-125.
[61] Chou W. L. (2007). Explaining China's Regional Health Expenditures using Lm-type Unit Root Tests. Journal of Health Economics, (26) 682–698.
[62] Okunade A. A. & Karakus M. C. (2001). Unit Root and Cointegration Tests: Time-series versus Panel Estimates for International Health Expenditure Models”, Applied Economics (33) 1131–1137.
[63] Zweifel P., Felder S., & Meiers M. (1999). Ageing of Population and Health Care Expenditure: A Red Herring, Health Economics, 8 (6) 485-96.
[64] Okunade A. A & Murthy V. N. R. (2002). Technology as a ‘Major Driver’ of Health Care Costs: A Cointegration Analysis of the Newhouse Conjecture, Journal of Health Economics, 21 (1) 147-159.
[65] Hitiris T. & Posnett J. (1992). The Determinants and Effects of Health Expenditure in Developed Countries. Journal of Health Economics, 11 (2) 173-181.
[66] Okunade A. A., Karakus M. C., & Okeke C. (2004). Determinants of Health Expenditure Growth of the OECD Countries: Jackknife Resampling Plan Estimates, Health Care Management Science, 7 (3) 173-183.
[67] Dickey D. A., & Fuller W. A. (1981). Likelihood Ratio Statistics for Autoregressive Time Series With a Unit Root. Econometrica, 49: 1057-1072.
[68] Dickey D. A., Bell W. R. & Miller R. B. (1986). Unit Root in Time Series Models: Tests and Implications, The American statistician, 40: 12-24.
[69] Asteriou D. & Hall S. G. (2007). Applied Econometrics: A modern Approach using Eviews and Microfit New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
[70] Lee H. & Lee J. (2015). More powerful Engle–Granger Cointegration Tests, Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation, 85 (18) 3662–3678.
[71] Johansen S. (1988), Statistical Analysis of Cointegration Vectors, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12 (2–3) 231–254.
[72] Johansen S. & Juselius K. (1990). Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Inference on Co-integration –With Application to the Demand for Money, ‘Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics. 52 (2) 169-210.
[73] Lien D. (2004). Co-integration and the Optimal Hedge Ratio: The General Case, The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 44 (5) 654-658.
[74] Nelson C. R. & Plosser C. I. (1982) Trends and Random Walks in Macroeconomic Time Series: Some Evidence and Implications. Journal of Monetary Economics, 10 (2) 139-162.
[75] Granger C. W. & Newbold P. (1974). Spurious Regression in Econometric. Journal of Economic. 2 (2) 111-120.
[76] Avisjek Pal & Prakashnit, P. K. S (2017). Practical Time Series Analysis: Master Time Series Data Processing, Visualization, and Modeling using Python, Birmingham: Packt Publishing.
[77] Braun P. A. & Mittnik S. (1993). Misspecifications in Vector Autoregressions and their Effects on Impulse Responses and Variance Decompositions, Journal of Econometrics, 59 (3) 319-341.
[78] Hall S. G. (1991). The Effect of Varying Length VAR Models on the Maximum Likelihood Estimates of Cointegrating Vectors. Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 38 (4) 317-323.
[79] Lütkepohl H. (1993). New Introduction to Multiple Time Series Analysis, Berlin: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
[80] Hafer R. W. & Sheehan R. G. (1991). Policy Inferences Using VAR Models, Economic Inquiry, 29 (1) 44-52.
[81] Johansen S. (1988). Statistical Analysis of Cointegration Vectors, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12 (2–3) 231–254.
[82] Campos J., Ericsson N. R. and Hendry D. F. (2005). General to Specific Modeling: An Overview and Selected Bibliography, Board of governors of the Federal Reserve System International Finance discussion paper number 838. http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/ifdp/2005/838/ifdp838.pdf.
[83] Draper N. R. & Smith H. (1998). Applied Regression Analysis, New Jersey: Wiley-Interscience.
[84] Baum C. F. (2006). Testing for Serial Correlation: An Introduction to Modern Econometrics Using Stata, Texas: Stata Press.
[85] Maddala G. S. & Lahiri K. (2009). Introduction to Econometrics, Chichester: Wiley.
[86] Achen C H. & Shively W. P. (1995). Cross-Level Inference, University of Chicago Press.
[87] Hayashi F. (2000). Econometrics, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
[88] Goldberger A. S. (1991). Multicollinearity. A Course in Econometrics, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
[89] Folaran D. A. & Awe A. A. (2014). An Assessment of Health Expenditure Determinants in Nigeria, Journal of Economics and Finance, 3 (2) 23-30.
[90] Fasoranti M. M. (2015). An Econometric Analysis of the Determinants of Government Health Expenditures in Nigeria, Journal of Empirical Economics, 4 (4) 193-206.
[91] Anyanwu J. C. (1998). An Econometric Analysis of the Determinants of Health Expenditures in Nigeria, Nigerian Journal of Economics and management Studies, 3 (1, 2) 57-71.
[92] Getzen T. E. (2007). Advancing Public Health Finance, Journal of Public Health Management &Practice, 13 (2) 225–226.
[93] Jacobzone S. (2000). Coping with Ageing: International Challenges. Health Affair, 19 (3) 12-24.
[94] Paskawych M. (2009). The Determinants of Healthcare Expenditures: A Cross Sectional Study of The United States, ECON 421 Empirical Analysis Submitted to Dr. Jacqueline Khorassani.
[95] Seshamani M. (2004). A Longitudinal Study of the Effects of Age and Time to Death on Hospital Costs, Journal of Healh Economics, 23: 18-26.
[96] Abbas F. & Hiemenz U. (2011). Determinants of Public Health Expenditures in Pakistan. ZEF- Discussion Papers on Development Policy No. 158, Center for Development Research, Bonn.
[97] Olakunde B. (2012). Public Health Care Financing in Nigeria: Which Way Forward? Annals of Nigerian Medicine, 6 (1) 4-10, DOi: 10.4103/0331-3131.100199.
[98] Imuoghele L. E. & Ismaila M. (2013). Determinants of Public Health Care Expenditure in Nigeria: An Error Correction Mechanism Approach, International Journal of Business and Social Science, 4 (13) 220-233.
[99] Singh S. K. (2008). Public Finance in Theory and Practice, New Delhi: S. Chand Publishing.
[100] Federal Ministry of Health, FMOH. (2004a). National Health Sector Strategic Plan for HIV &AIDS, Abuja: Government of Nigeria.
[101] Carrin G., Mathauer I., Xua K. & Evans D. B. (2008). Universal Coverage of health services: Tailoring its Implementation, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 86 (11) doi: 10.2471/BLT.07.049387.
[102] Central Bank of Nigeria, CBN (2015). Annual Report and Statement of Account for Year Ended 31st December, 2015, Abuja: CBN.
[103] Devarajan S., Swaroop V., & Zou H. (1996). The Composition of Public Expenditure and Economic Growth, Journal of Monetary Economics, 37 (1996) 313-344.
[104] Adegbite E., Ayadi F. & Felix Ayadi, O. (2008), The impact of Nigeria's external debt on economic development, International Journal of Emerging Markets, 3 (3) 285-301. https://doi.org/10.1108/17468800810883693.
[105] Cohen D., (1993). Low Investment and Large LDC Debt in the 1980s. Am. Econ. Rev., 83 (3) 437-449.
[106] Airhunmwunde M. E. (2014). Evaluation of Governance, Potential and Socio-economic Development, 9th International Research Conference on Management and Finance, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Airhunmwunde Matthew Eghosa. (2019). Public Health Financing for Adolescent and Sexual Reproductive Health: The Nigerian Case. International Journal of Health Economics and Policy, 4(3), 95-109. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hep.20190403.15

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Airhunmwunde Matthew Eghosa. Public Health Financing for Adolescent and Sexual Reproductive Health: The Nigerian Case. Int. J. Health Econ. Policy 2019, 4(3), 95-109. doi: 10.11648/j.hep.20190403.15

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Airhunmwunde Matthew Eghosa. Public Health Financing for Adolescent and Sexual Reproductive Health: The Nigerian Case. Int J Health Econ Policy. 2019;4(3):95-109. doi: 10.11648/j.hep.20190403.15

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.hep.20190403.15,
      author = {Airhunmwunde Matthew Eghosa},
      title = {Public Health Financing for Adolescent and Sexual Reproductive Health: The Nigerian Case},
      journal = {International Journal of Health Economics and Policy},
      volume = {4},
      number = {3},
      pages = {95-109},
      doi = {10.11648/j.hep.20190403.15},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hep.20190403.15},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.hep.20190403.15},
      abstract = {Health-related behaviors undoubtedly alters physical and cognitive development, which can have a repercussion on long-term health. The justification for public health financing on adolescent health as an integrated package is unequivocal. However, to date, there is still no costed plan or budget for adolescent reproductive health in many countries and so a severe lack of funding persists at all levels with no clear budgetary provision for such program. The empirical analysis was based on Nigerian six geo-political zones covering the 36 States and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). The time series data for the variables under consideration were annual and covers the period of 1980-2014. The research explored the stationarity and cointegration properties of public health finance and adolescent reproductive health indicators. These mechanisms were reviewed for the responses to this program and finally the causality was established. The outcomes reveals that ASRH/FP is a necessity in Nigeria; PHF for adolescent reproductive health is mainly determined by many factors specifically by the amount expended by government for public health finance to total government finance and the external debt services payments in Nigeria within the study period.},
     year = {2019}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Public Health Financing for Adolescent and Sexual Reproductive Health: The Nigerian Case
    AU  - Airhunmwunde Matthew Eghosa
    Y1  - 2019/09/21
    PY  - 2019
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hep.20190403.15
    DO  - 10.11648/j.hep.20190403.15
    T2  - International Journal of Health Economics and Policy
    JF  - International Journal of Health Economics and Policy
    JO  - International Journal of Health Economics and Policy
    SP  - 95
    EP  - 109
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2578-9309
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hep.20190403.15
    AB  - Health-related behaviors undoubtedly alters physical and cognitive development, which can have a repercussion on long-term health. The justification for public health financing on adolescent health as an integrated package is unequivocal. However, to date, there is still no costed plan or budget for adolescent reproductive health in many countries and so a severe lack of funding persists at all levels with no clear budgetary provision for such program. The empirical analysis was based on Nigerian six geo-political zones covering the 36 States and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). The time series data for the variables under consideration were annual and covers the period of 1980-2014. The research explored the stationarity and cointegration properties of public health finance and adolescent reproductive health indicators. These mechanisms were reviewed for the responses to this program and finally the causality was established. The outcomes reveals that ASRH/FP is a necessity in Nigeria; PHF for adolescent reproductive health is mainly determined by many factors specifically by the amount expended by government for public health finance to total government finance and the external debt services payments in Nigeria within the study period.
    VL  - 4
    IS  - 3
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Department of Accountancy, School of Business Studies, Auchi Polytechnic, Nigeria

  • Sections